With the unusually hot (for the Northeast) weather, a most satisfying Olympics games, and the last of the days in the Hamptons behind us, now seems a good time to put together a road map of where we think the markets will be at the end of this year. Compared to years past, the last four months of 2024 seem particularly fraught with wild cards.
Investors reacted to slowing economic data last month by taking interest rates materially lower. For July, the 2-year note closed the month 50 basis-points lower at 4.25%, and the 30-year bond closed 26 basis-points lower at 4.30%. Capping what has been a string of weak employment reports, the non-farm payroll measure for July showed the economy added 114,000 new jobs for the month, well below the 178,000 expected. Most alarming though was the unemployment rate, which rose to 4.3% in July. That’s 0.8% higher than the rate registered last summer and to some, a harbinger of a recession lurking just around the corner. We don’t share that concern, but the weak employment data paired with Chairman Powell’s words have made a September rate cut a foregone conclusion.
We had two closely watched events this week, the FOMC rate decision and the monthly employment report, and neither disappointed in terms of market impact. As was widely expected, the FOMC left the overnight interest rate unchanged, with Chairman Powell strongly suggesting that a rate cut would be coming at the September meeting. Throughout his post-meeting press conference, he emphasized the Fed’s dual mandate of full employment and stable inflation. We interpret that as a concern that the employment backdrop has become a worry. The employment measures this week validated that concern.
The data this week was decidedly mixed – although the Bond market priced in further cuts. The Philadelphia non-manufacturing index plunged to -19.1 from the 2.9 recorded last month. Similarly, the Richmond Fed manufacturing index dropped to -17 from the -10 recorded last month. As expected, there was no joy to be found in the housing sector as existing and new home sales were both down for the month.
There was a host of Fed speakers this week including Chair Powell before the Economic Club of Washington DC. All of them reiterated the Chairman’s testimony before congress last week that they are pleased with the cooling inflation and somewhat concerned about the jobs market. Powell added that “he’s very happy doing the job” of Fed chair and that he’ll stay in office until his term ends in May 2026.
The highlight of the week was FOMC Chairman Powell’s dovish testimony on Capitol Hill. In describing the dual mandate of stable jobs and low inflation he said inflation has shown “modest further progress” and that labor markets had cooled “considerably.” We interpret that as meaning that a rate cut has once again been moved to the front burner of the FOMC’s agenda.
Today caps off a holiday shortened week in the US that saw yields continue to fall across the curve. As we have been writing for quite some time, US economic data has been mixed and this week we saw a decided shift in surprises to the downside. Although, the headline Non-farm payroll number beat softened expectations – registering +206,000 for the month of June compared to the consensus of +190,000. The two-month downward revision subtracted 111,000 previously reported jobs, and private payrolls underwhelmed. The US unemployment rate now stands at 4.1% – up 0.6% from the January 2023 low of 3.4%.
Earlier this week, the Federal Housing Finance Authority, the government regulator for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac authorized Freddie to buy second mortgages. The intent of the agency is to make it cheaper for homeowners to tap home equity without refinancing their existing mortgage and thereby preserving the low-rate mortgages originated prior to the run up in rates. The program is an 18-month trial with Freddie authorized to buy up to $2.5 billion second mortgages. The purchases will be limited to second mortgages of $78,277 or less. Critics say that the program will be inflationary, which if it was done on a larger magnitude we would agree with, but with a $2.5 billion program cap, we doubt that will come to pass. On the other hand, it could be a slippery slope to a wider program and another government handout.
A mid-week U.S. holiday, summer vacations, and noisy economic data all led to mostly unchanged bond and stock markets this week. For the week, the 2-year/30-year yield curve was 2.5 basis points less inverted, closing the week at -33.5 basis points, with the entire move coming from a marginal drop in the yield-to-maturity of the 30-year bond. The S&P 500 briefly traded into record territory but is closing the week about 1% off of the 5,505.53 record touched on Thursday.
The consumer price index (CPI) for May was released Wednesday, the morning of the FOMC meeting. The one-month change to the index was 0.0% and the headline year-over-year index rose 3.3%, a 0.1% improvement over last month’s reading. Investors interpreted the change as a big step in the right direction and rallied stocks and bonds, pushing the yield curve down to recent lows and the S&P 500 to a fresh all-time high.