As expected, the robust retail sales recorded over the last three months solidly contributed to the outsized Q3 GDP that came in at 4.9%, exceeding the 4.5% consensus expectation. The personal consumption component rose 4.0%, outpacing the 0.8% gain in the previous quarter. Digging into the details, the number isn’t as outrageous as at first glance. Firstly, the government measures the activity versus the previous quarter which, in itself, makes no sense. Every quarter has unique characteristics that impact spending patterns. Vacations in the third quarter, gift giving in the fourth. To adjust for that, the Bureau of Economic Analysis smooths the measure with a seasonal adjustment factor. We prefer, instead, to compare activity on a year-over-year basis and remove the smoothing. On a year-over-year basis, Q3 GDP expanded 2.9%, still an excellent outcome. Another consideration is that government spending represented about 25% of the gain for the quarter. At this stage of the expansion, we’d prefer to see that contribution closer to zero.

The minutes of the September 19-20 FOMC were truly goldilocks-like. Comments included “Bank credit conditions appeared to tighten somewhat…but credit to businesses and households remained generally accessible,” “The imbalance between labor supply and demand appeared to be easing,” and of course “the U.S. banking system is sound and resilient.” The text echoed the answers delivered by Chairman Powell at the post-meeting press conference. There is a chance of one more rate hike this year and that rates will be held at a high level for an extended period. In short it read as though the committee was taking a victory lap for their engineering of a soft landing. Bond investors were delighted by the verbiage as witnessed in the collapse of the yield curve. The yield on the 10-year note fell to 4.63% from last Friday’s 4.80% close.

Way back in July we wrote that the BLS non-farm payroll report told a far different story than the private ADP employment report, with the former quadrupling the latter. That situation has risen again, only in reverse. The ADP report showed tepid job growth of 89,000 in September while the BLS reported 336,000 for the period, double the number expected. Moreover, the revision of the prior two months added another 119,000 jobs to the economy. While excellent news for the economy it’s likely to put another Fed rate hike back into play at the November 1st meeting. That may not be necessary as Former Fed Governor Kevin Warsh wrote in a Wall Street Journal opinion article this week. He points out that while the Fed Funds rate is 0.5% higher since mid-May, the 10-year note yield, which is the benchmark for mortgage rates and corporate borrowing is 1.4% higher, and that is going to cause a significant bite to the economy. We whole-heartedly agree that both are going to slow the economy. Warsh correctly states that the 10-year is the benchmark for housing, but the short-term rate is the benchmark for bank debt, which typically is lower rated and carries a floating rate; to put it plainly, rising short rates are hurting lower-rated credits.

The FOMC left the Fed Funds lending rate unchanged, as was widely expected, and hinted there could be one more rate hike later this year. According to their interest rate graphic, the DOT plot, the committee anticipates another 0.25% rate hike later this year followed by a 0.50% rate cut in 2024. However next year’s expectation is the median forecast with committee members’ expectations running from 4.5% to 5.75%. The individual forecasts for 2025 are even more dispersed, ranging from 3.0% to 5.75%. In short, “higher for longer!” At the post-meeting press conference Chairman Powell was upbeat on the current state of the economy which leads us to conclude that he has become one of the more hawkish committee members.